Outbreak of cyclosporiasis in a U.S. Air Force training population, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX, 2018.

Diarrheal illnesses have an enormous impact on military operations in the deployed and training environments. While bacteria and viruses are the usual causes of gastrointestinal disease outbreaks, 2 Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX, training populations experienced an outbreak of diarrheal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis in June and July 2018. Cases were identified from outpatient medical records and responses to patient questionnaires. A confirmed case was defined by diarrhea and laboratory confirmation, and patients without a positive lab were classified as suspected cases. In cluster 1, 46 suspected and 7 confirmed cases occurred among technical training students who reported symptom onset from 12 June to 21 June. In cluster 2, 18 suspected and 14 confirmed cases in basic military training trainees reported symptom onset from 29 June to 8 July. Numerous lessons from cluster 1 were applied to cluster 2. Crucial lessons learned during this cyclosporiasis outbreak included the importance of maintaining clinical suspicion for cyclosporiasis in persistent gastrointestinal illness and obtaining confirmatory laboratory testing for expedited diagnosis and treatment.

Human cyclosporiasis.

Cyclospora species are socioeconomically important protistan pathogens. Cyclospora cayetanensis is usually transmitted via food or water to a human host via the faecal-oral route and can cause the gastrointestinal disease cyclosporiasis, which can be complicated by extra-intestinal disorders, particularly in immune-compromised people. Although more than 2 million children die each year from diarrhoeal diseases worldwide, it is not known to what extent cyclosporiasis is involved. Few epidemiological data are available on Cyclospora as a water-borne and food-borne pathogen in both underprivileged communities and developed countries. To gain an improved understanding of human cyclosporiasis, this Review describes the background of Cyclospora, summarises salient aspects of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of cyclosporiasis, and explores what is known about its prevalence and geographical distribution. The findings show that the effect on human health of cyclosporiasis is likely underestimated, and recommendations are made about areas of future research and the prevention and control of this disease within an international collaborative context.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: Un coccidio emergente / Cyclospora cayetanensis: An emerging coccidian / Cyclospora cayetanensis: Um coccídio emergente

Cyclospora cayetanensis es un protozoo coccidio con diversa prevalencia a nivel mundial que causa cuadros con diarrea acuosa y voluminosa tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos. En estos últimos, además de producir cuadros entéricos más severos, puede cursar con compromisos biliares. Su distribución es cosmopolita, jugando un rol importante en su transmisión, el suelo, el agua y los alimentos contaminados, especialmente las verduras ingeridas crudas. El hombre, único reservorio constatado hasta el presente, elimina con las heces ooquistes inmaduros, que evolucionan en el ambiente transformándose en ooquistes maduros infectivos. Como otros coccidios, presenta un ciclo evolutivo complejo con formas sexuada y asexuada de reproducción en un único hospedador. El diagnóstico se basa fundamentalmente en el hallazgo de ooquistes ácido alcohol resistentes variables en materia fecal. Se han desarrollado métodos moleculares para su detección tanto en muestras fecales como ambientales y de alimentos.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoon with several prevalence worldwide that causes watery and voluminous diarrhea conditions both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In the latter, apart from originating more severe enteric diseases, it can occur with billiary involvement. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, with soil, water and contaminated food, especially consumption of raw vegetables, playing an important role in its transmission. Man, the only reservoir recorded so far, eliminates immature oocytes in feces, which evolve in the environment becoming infective- mature oocytes. Like other coccidians, it presents a complex evolutionary cycle with sexed and unsexed forms of reproduction in a single host. Diagnosis is mainly based on findings of variable acid-alcohol resistant variables in feces. Molecular methods have been developed for its detection in fecal samples and in environmental and food samples as well.

Cyclospora cayetanensis é um protozoo coccídio com diversa prevalência em nível mundial que causa quadros com diarreia aquosa e volumosa tanto em pacientes imunocompetentes como imunocomprometidos. Nestes últimos, além de produzir quadros entéricos mais severos, pode cursar com compromissos biliares. Sua distribuição é cosmopolita, tendo um papel importante na sua transmissão o solo, a água e os alimentos contaminados, especialmente as verduras ingeridas cruas. O homem, único reservatório constatado até o presente, elimina com as fezes oocistos imaturos, que evoluem no ambiente transformando-se em oocistos maduros infectivos. Como outros coccídios apresenta um ciclo evolutivo complexo com formas sexuada e assexuada de reprodução num único hospedeiro. O diagnóstico se baseia fundamentalmente no achado de oocistos ácido-álcool resistentes variáveis em matéria fecal. Foram desenvolvidos métodos moleculares para sua detecção tanto em amostras fecais quanto ambientais e de alimentos.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on some of the remaining questions about cyclosporiasis.

Cyclosporiasis is a protracted, relapsing gastroenteritis and has a short recorded history. Cyclospora cayetanensis is an enigmatic parasite since its discovery highlights the need for isolation of cases of infection that could be part of widespread outbreaks. It is associated with diarrhoea among children in developing countries in the Americas, where C. cayetanensis is endemic; traveller's diarrhoea and/or food and waterborne outbreaks sometimes occur in the developed countries. In SubSaharan Africa and Egypt, cyclosporiasis has been reported to occur in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Zoonotic species of Cyclospora have also been identified worldwide in primates, indicating likely endemicity of this underreported disease. This can be attributed to the lack of awareness in the public and medical profession concerning the disease, which is, therefore, not routinely tested at the health centres. The correlation between the density of water contamination and the prevalence of cyclosporiasis among the individuals of each area is significant. No doubt, water is the main vehicle of transmission in the present community. Soil contact and poultry are significant risk factors. All literature on C. cayetanensis, cyclosporiasis worldwide, and endemic cyclosporiasis was searched from libraries, colleagues and internet. Although cyclosporiasis is considered an enigma worth unravelling, with many aspects of this disease and its transmission having been uncovered only recently, the situation has been rapidly changing since the disease first came to medical attention in the 1970s.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: un protozoo intestinal emergente / Cyclospora cayetanensis: an emerging intestinal protozoan

Resumen Cyclospora cayetanensis es un protozoo patógeno emergente causante de diarrea el cual se ha estado notificando cada vez con mayor frecuencia a escala mundial en personas de todas las edades, independientemente de su estado inmunológico. Esta coccidia ha sido descrita como causa de diarrea del viajero y de brotes de diarrea debido a la ingestión de frutas y vegetales, particularmente de áreas tropicales. La enfermedad que causa, cyclosporosis, está caracterizada principalmente como un síndrome de diarrea aguda autolimitada que puede ocasionar deshidratación y llegar hasta provocar diarrea prolongada o crónica. Otras manifestaciones como perdida de peso, anorexia, fatiga, astenia, borborismos, flatulencia y distensión abdominal pueden estar presentes, lo que hace esta afección indistinguible de otras diarreas infecciosas causadas por parásitos intestinales. El diagnóstico depende básicamente de la identificación del microorganismo en muestras fecales. Su tratamiento consiste en mantener el equilibrio hidromineral y electrolítico, al tiempo que se prescribe tratamiento antibiótico entre ellos se usa fundamentalmente el trimetoprín- sulfametoxazol, aunque se ha reportado la utilidad de otras drogas entre las que se cuentan la ciprofloxacina y la nitazoxanida. Esta revisión presenta diferentes aspectos actuales del manejo de la infección por Cyclospora cayetanensis y pone en relieve interrogantes sobre esta parasitosis donde factores relacionados con el protozoo, el ambiente y el susceptible quedan por esclarecer.